1. What do you mean by mass media?

Media that reaches large number of people or the masses, across the country and the world is called mass media. For example Television, radio, newspaper etc.

1. What makes the consumer confused?

Sometimes there are two or more advertisements of a similar product of different brands. This makes the consumer confused, because it becomes difficult for him to differentiate between the same product of different brands.

1. What are the benefits of neighbourhood shops?

Shops in the neighbourhood are useful in many ways: (i) They are near our home and we can go there on any day of the week. (ii) These shops also provide goods on credit.

Patrick always disliked doing his homework. He finds it boring and instead of doing his homework, he used to play basketball and football. His teachers were fed up with him.

The sun is in the centre of the solar system. There are eight planets in our solar system. In order of their distance from the sun, they are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

All parallel circles from the equator up to the poles are called parallels of latitudes. The equator represents the zero degree latitude.

The earth has two types of motions, namely rotation and revolution. Rotation is the movement of the earth on its axis. The movement of the earth around the sun in a fixed path or orbit is called Revolution.

A map is a representation or a drawing of the earth’s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale. There are three Components of Maps - distance, direction and symbol.

The surface of the earth is a complex zone in which three main components of the environment meet, overlap and interact. The solid portion of the earth on which we live is called the Lithosphere.

The surface of the earth is not the same everywhere. The earth has an infinite variety of landforms. Some parts of the lithosphere may be rugged and some flat.

India is a country of vast geographical expanse. In the north, it is bound by the lofty Himalayas. The Arabian Sea in the west, the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Indian Ocean in the south.

The weather is about day to day changes in the atmosphere. The climate is about the average weather condition, which have been measured over many years. The climate of India has broadly been described as Monsoon type.

1. What is environment?

The place, people, thing and nature that surround any living organism is called environment.

1. What is the crust?

The uppermost layer over the earth’s surface is called the crust. It is the thinnest of all the layers. It is about 35 km on the continental masses and only 5 km on the ocean floors.

1. What are lithosphere plates?

The earth's crust consists of several large and several small rigid, irregularly shaped plates which carry continents and the ocean floor. The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates called lithosphere plates.

1. Which gas creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?

Carbon dioxide released in the atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect by trapping the heat radiated from the earth. This is greenhouse gas. Without it the earth would have been too cold to live in.

1. What do you mean by terrarium?

Terrarium is an artificial enclosure for keeping small house plants.

1. Name the animals found in tropical grasslands.

Elephants, Zebra, Giraffes, Deer and Leopards are commonly found in tropical grasslands.

1. Define the term transhumance.

Transhumance is a seasonal movement of people who rear animals in search of new pastures according to changes in seasons.

1. What do you mean by Tributaries?

Tributaries are small rivers that join the main river. For example Son, Yamuna are the tributaries of Ganga.

1. Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation?

Temperature and rainfall are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation.

1. Name any three common minerals used by you everyday.

Copper, iron and salt are three common minerals used by everyday.

1. What is meant by the term ‘industry’? 

Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals and provision of services.

1. What position does India occupy in the world with regards to plant diversity?

Tenth place.

1. What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives?

If there were no restrictions on the power of elected representative then there would be chaos, confusion anarchy.

1. What is secularism?

Secularism is freedom to live by an individual's religious beliefs and practice It separates power of religion and the power of the state. The state is neutral and impartial in dealing with religions.

1. What is Universal Adult Franchise?

Universal Adult Franchise means all adult citizens of the country enjoy the right to vote.

1. What do you mean by rule of law?

Rule of law means that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law.

1. What is Judiciary?

Judiciary is the organ of the government which settles disputes through interpretation of laws.

1. Mention the names of people who play a key role in our criminal justice system.

The Police, the Public Prosecutor, the Defence Lawyer and the Judge play key role in our criminal justice system.

1. Write in your own words in two or more sentences of what you understand by the word ‘marginalisation’?

The word ‘marginalisation’ refers to a situation in which an individual or a group of individual is deprived of certain privileges or treated as different from others.

1. List two Fundamental Rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and equals.

The two Fundamental rights are (i) Right to equality (ii) Right against exploitation

1. Why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?

When the responsibility for water supply was handed over to private companies, there was a steep rise in the price of water, making it unaffordable by many people.

1. Talk to two workers (for example, construction workers, farm workers, factory workers, workers at any shop) to find out if they are receiving the minimum wages laid down by law?

1. Construction worker : They get below the minimum wages set down.
2. Factory worker : They receive below the minimum wages.

Beauty gives pleasure to everyone and can be seen, heard and felt. Beauty can be noticed in the sunlight, the trees and the birds. It can also be seen in the people who work hard, cultivated their land and grow crops. The scene looks beautiful when people dance for their harvest.

Ray, an old and deaf owner of shop, was still working on a clock. He stopped up to close the shop. Suddenly, he saw two men, one in his twenties and the other closer to fifty, coming towards his shop. He understood that the men were not shoppers.

Teachers are very special for their students. The poet does not think that his teachers are ordinary people. The poet wonders where his teachers go after 4 o’clock. He keeps asking too many questions such as whether the teachers live in their houses, wash their socks like an ordinary person.

The poet says that everyone speaks to express his thought. She further says that one must not let his thoughts die if he does not know how to express them. English is a wonderful language and people can learn it to express their thoughts effectively.

The child was walking to his school in the morning. He saw a hawker, selling bangles in his lane. The hawker was not in a hurry and moved from one place to another at his own will. The hawker could take any road and return home when he wants. There was no restriction on him. The child wanted to be a hawker in order to be free and happy.

When we sleep our body and brain recovers from weariness caused by various activities during the day. We become attentive and active after a good sleep. We become ready for the usual activities of the day.

One morning, a cat got stuck in the tree. The narrator’s dad decided that he will easily be able to take care of it. Narrator’s father decided to climb the tree. His wife warned him that he might fall, but ignoring her warnings he climbed the ladder, slipped and fell.