This chapter introduces to the concept of separating different substances based on their properties. Substances are often mixed together in various combinations, and it is necessary to separate them for various purposes such as obtaining pure substances or removing impurities.
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This chapter explores the concept of changes that occur in our surroundings and categorizes them into physical changes and chemical changes.
This chapter focuses on introducing the world of plants and various aspects of plant life. Plants provide us with food, oxygen, shelter, and various other resources.
his chapter focuses on the study of human body movements and the various types of movements performed by different body parts, covering the skeletal system, joints, muscles, and different types of movements.
This chapter explores the relationship between living organisms and their environment, emphasizing how organisms adapt to their surroundings.
This chapter focuses on the fundamental concepts of motion and the various methods of measuring distances. Motion refers to the change in position of an object with respect to its surroundings.
This chapter explores the properties of light, the formation of shadows, and the phenomenon of reflection. Light is a form of energy that enables us to see objects.
This chapter introduces the basic concepts of electricity, electric circuits, and the working of electrical appliances. Electricity is a form of energy that powers various devices and appliances we use.
This chapter introduces numbers, their different types, and their uses in everyday life.
This chapter builds upon the concepts introduced in the previous chapter and delves deeper into the properties and operations of whole numbers.
This chapter introduces various concepts and strategies related to numbers and their properties.
This chapter introduces basic concepts and terms related to geometry.
1. Why do you think ordinary men and woman did not generally keep records of the what they did?
The ordinary men and woman generally did not keep records of what they did as they regarded it as a part of their daily routine and not anything important.
1. What was Citadel?
Citadel is the west part of Harappan city. It is smaller but higher.
1. What kind of evidence from burials do archaeologists use to find out whether there were social difference amongst those who were buried?
In Brahmagiri, archaeologists located a skeleton buried with 33 gold beads, 2 stone beads, 4 copper bangles and 1 conch shell. Some other skeletons were found but with only a few pots. This helped archaeologists to find out social differences of those who were buried.
1. What was the original name of Lord Buddha?
Siddartha was the original name of Lord Buddha.
1. What do you mean by an empire?
Large kingdom where different types of people live in different parts of the kingdom is known as an empire.
1. What are Jatakas?
Jatakas were stories written and preserved by Buddhist monks in Sanghas.
1. What were the things for which South India was famous?
South India was famous for gold and spices, especially pepper and precious stones.
1. Name the God who that were worshipped in the earliest Hindus temples.
Deities such as Vishnu, Shiva and Durga were worshipped in the earliest Hindu temples.
1. List some of the technological changes associated with this period?
(a) The Persian wheel in irrigation (b) The spinning wheel in weaving (c) Firearms in combat
1. Who were the parties involved in the ‘tripartite struggle’?
Gujara - Prathihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties.
1. Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?
Tomara Rajputs were the first rulers to establish their capital at Delhi.
1. What were the central provinces under the control of the Mughals?
Delhi, Agra, Awash, Allahabad, Bihar, Bengal, Gujarat, Ajmer, Lahore, Multan and Kabul.
The bird had a nest in a tall and shady tree. The bird took care of her babies. One day, a strong storm uprooted many trees. The mother bird was killed, but her babies survived. The wind blew them away to the other side of the forest.
1. What was a Shikhara?
Shikhara was the topmost portion of the building. The top of the building built during Chola rulers was called Shikhara.
1. Name three important centres of trade.
Three important centres of trade were - Surat, Hampi and Masulipatnam.
1. On what basis society was divided?
Society was divided according to the rules of Varna, prescribed by the Brahmanas.
1. How did intense devotion come in worship?
Intense devotion came into worship in 8th century and later on due to the legacy of different kinds of Bhakti and Sufi movements.
India is a diverse country with a rich cultural heritage and a multitude of regional cultures. Each region in India has its own distinct language, customs, traditions, art forms, music, dance, and cuisine.
The 18th century witnessed the decline of the Mughal Empire, which had been a dominant political power in India for several centuries. Weak successors, administrative corruption, and invasions by foreign powers weakened the Mughal rule.
1. How important are dates?
Dates tell about the events, kings and their policies and battles which occurred at a particular time.
1. What attracted European trading companies to India?
The European trading companies were attracted to India because of fine quality of cotton and silk produced in India and Indian spices such as pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon.
1. Describe how company became the Diwan.
On 12 August 1765, Robert Clive was granted the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa by the Mughal ruler.
1. Who was Birsa Munda?
Birsa belonged to a family of Mundas, a tribal group that lived in Chhotanagpur.
1. Who were affected by the policies of the East India Company?
Kings, queens, peasants, landlords, tribals and soldiers were all affected in different ways by the policies of the East India Company.
1. What kinds of cloth had a large market in Europe?
The kinds of cloth which had a large market in Europe were chintz, cossaes or khassa and bandana.
1. What is vernacular?
Vernacular is a term generally used to refer to a local language or dialect as distinct from what is seen as the standard language.
1. Describe the Child Marriage Restraint Act.
According to the Child Marriage Restraint Act passed in 1929, no man below the age of 18 and woman below the age of 16 could marry.
1. Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?
The Indian National Congress wished to speak for the people of India belonging to different communities.
1. What was role of the planning commission?
The role of the Planning Commission was to design and execute suitable policies for economic development of India.
1. Draw up a list of the different festivals celebrate in your locality. Which of these celebrations are shared by members of different regional and religious communities?
The festivals celebrated by members of different regional and religious communities include Holi, Diwali, Dushera, Rakshabandhan, Chrismtas, Id-ul-Zuha, Lohri, etc.
1. What are Prejudices?
Village people are, in everyone’s opinion, supposed to be ignorant and superstitious while city people are supposed to be greedy, lazy and money-minded. These opinions create negative impression in a human’s sub-conscious mind and are called Prejudices.
1. Name two essential features of a democratic government.
The two essential features of a democratic government are: (i) People have power to elect their leaders. (ii) Universal Adult franchise (UAF). All the adult citizens of the country have the fight to participate in elections.
1. Why do you think we need the government to find solutions to many disputes or conflicts?
We need the government to find solutions to several disputes and conflicts because it is trusted to adopt an impartial role and impart justice which is the prime duty of the government.
1. What is the main objective of village Panchayat?
The main objective of village Panchayat is to improve the conditions of the villagers and to make them self-sufficient.