Two figures are congruent, if they are of the same shape and of the same size. Two circles of the same radii are congruent. Two squares of the same sides are congruent.
If two triangles ABC and PQR are congruent under the correspondence A ↔ P, B ↔ Q and C ↔ R, then symbolically, it is expressed as ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ PQR.
If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and the included angle of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (SAS Congruence Rule). If two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the included side of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (ASA Congruence Rule).
If two angles and one side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the corresponding side of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (AAS Congruence Rule).
Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal. Sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal. Each angle of an equilateral triangle is of 60°.
If three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (SSS Congruence Rule). If in two right triangles, hypotenuse and one side of a triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and one side of other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (RHS Congruence Rule).
In a triangle, angle opposite to the longer side is larger (greater). In a triangle, side opposite to the larger (greater) angle is longer. Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
Class 10
Two figures having the same shape but not necessarily the same size are called similar figures. All the congruent figures are similar but the converse is not true.
Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if
- their corresponding angles are equal and
- their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (proportion)
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, then the other two sides are divided in the same ratio. If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.
If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in the same ratio and hence the two triangles are similar (AAA similarity criterion). If in two triangles, two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to the two angles of the other triangle, then the two triangles are similar (AA similarity criterion).
If in two triangles, corresponding sides are in the same ratio, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the triangles are similar (SSS similarity criterion). If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides including these angles are in the same ratio (proportional), then the triangles are similar (SAS similarity criterion).
The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides. If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to the hypotenuse, then the triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle and also to each other.
In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides (Pythagoras Theorem). If in a triangle, square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite the first side is a right angle.